Abstract Objective To investigate epidemiological factors related to treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) in Northeast Brazil, a region where data about mental health are still scarce. Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study included all patients with schizophrenia currently receiving treatment at the outpatient psychiatric clinic of a tertiary hospital in Northeast Brazil. They were divided into TRS and treatment-responsive groups, and epidemiological characteristics of both groups were compared. A logistic regression model investigated factors related to treatment resistance. Results Two hundred and five patients were included, 155 treatment-resistant and 50 treatment-responsive. The TRS group had higher use of benzodiazepines (36.1 vs. 18%, p = 0.017) and antiepileptics (36.8 vs. 8.0%, p < 0.001), antipsychotic polypharmacy (28.6 vs. 8%, p = 0.003) and suicide attempts (35.6 vs. 20%, p = 0.04). Age at onset was younger (19.7±7.3 vs. 24.6±8.6 years, p = 0.001) and CGI was higher in TRS (3.72±1.00 vs. 3.16±1.00, p = 0.001). In logistic regression, being married was a protector (odds ratio [OR] = 0.248, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.091-0.679, p = 0.007) and younger age at onset was a predictor (OR = 1.076, 95%CI 1.034-1.120, p < 0.001) of treatment resistance. Conclusion Early onset of disease was associated with more treatment resistance, while being married with less resistance. Clinicians should identify early predictors of resistance in order to reduce unfavorable outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: Embora os efeitos positivos da atividade física na saúde global sejam bem documentados, a prática esportiva está associada a um risco maior de lesões; especialmente no futebol profissional, o risco é substancial. Objetivo: O objetivo primário deste estudo foi investigar a incidência de lesões em atletas do sexo masculino que competem em campeonatos regionais de futebol. O objetivo secundário foi determinar a prevalência de lesões. Métodos: Neste estudo de coorte prospectivo, nível de evidência II, a incidência e a prevalência de lesões foram avaliados usando uma versão adaptada do questionário de estudo da Liga dos Campeões da UEFA. Resultados: Este estudo incluiu 310 atletas do sexo masculino de 10 equipes, com idade 26,53 ± 4,75 anos, estatura 180,93 ± 6,49 cm e peso 79,32 ± 8,29 kg, durante 4 meses de acompanhamento. Foram registradas 92 lesões, o que representa uma prevalência de 29,68%. A parte do corpo que teve lesões mais frequentes foram os membros inferiores (86,9%). Os principais tipos de lesão foram ruptura/distensão muscular (37,0%), entorse/ligamento (19,6%) e outras lesões (14,1%). As lesões foram causadas principalmente durante corrida/sprint (33,7%), chute (12,0%) e salto/aterrissagem (6,5%). A incidência de lesões foi de 15,88 ± 8,57, 2,04 ± 1,09 e 3,65 ± 1,50 lesões/1.000 horas de exposição durante jogos, treinamento e jogos/treinamento, respectivamente. O tempo de afastamento na temporada variou de 1 a 50 dias e a gravidade das lesões foi a seguinte: leve (25%), menor (22,8%), moderada (43,5%) e grave (8,7%). Conclusão: O presente estudo sugere que existe maior incidência de lesões durante os jogos em comparação com os treinos entre jogadores do sexo masculino em campeonatos regionais de futebol. Os membros inferiores são a região mais acometida, com maior prevalência de ruptura/distensão na região da coxa durante a corrida/sprint. Nível de evidência II; Estudo de coorte prospectivo .

ABSTRACT Introduction: Although the positive effects of physical activity on global health are well documented, sports practice is associated with a greater risk of injury; in professional soccer in particular, the risk is substantial. Objective: The primary objective of this study was to investigate the incidence of injuries among male athletes competing in the regional soccer championship. The secondary objective was to determine the prevalence of injuries. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, level of evidence II, the incidence and prevalence of injuries were assessed using an adapted version of the UEFA Champions League Study questionnaire. Results: This study included 310 male athletes from ten teams, aged 26.53±4.75 years, height 180.93±6.49 cm, and weight 79.32±8.29 kg, with a 4-month follow-up. Ninety-two injuries were recorded, representing a prevalence of 29.68% injuries. The body part most frequently injured was the lower limbs (86.9%). The main types of injuries were muscle tear/strain (37.0%), sprain/ligament (19.6%), and other injuries (14.1%). The injuries were mainly caused during run/sprint (33.7%), kick (12.0%) and jumping/landing (6.5%). The incidences of injuries were 15.88±8.57, 2.04±1.09, and 3.65±1.50 injuries/1000h of exposure during matches, training, and matches/training, respectively. Time-loss over the season was between 1 and 50 days, and the severity of the injuries was as follows: light (25%), minor (22.8%), moderate (43.5%) and severe (8.7%). Conclusion: This study suggests that there is a higher incidence of injuries during matches compared to training, among male regional soccer championship players. The lower limbs are the body part most affected, with a higher prevalence of rupture/strain in the thigh region, during running/sprinting. Level of evidence II; Prospective Cohort Study .

RESUMEN Introducción: Aunque los efectos positivos de la actividad física en la salud global estén bien documentados, la práctica deportiva está asociada a un riesgo mayor de lesiones; especialmente en el fútbol profesional, el riesgo es sustancial. Objetivo: El objetivo primario de este estudio fue investigar la incidencia de lesiones en atletas del sexo masculino que compiten en campeonatos regionales de fútbol. El resultado secundario fue determinar la prevalencia de lesiones. Métodos: En este estudio de cohorte prospectivo, nivel de evidencia II, la incidencia y la prevalencia de lesiones fueron evaluadas usando una versión adaptada del cuestionario de estudio de la Liga de Campeones de la UEFA. Resultados: Este estudio incluyó a 310 atletas del sexo masculino de 10 equipos, edad 26,53 ± 4,75 años, estatura 180,93 ± 6,49 cm y peso 79,32 ± 8,29 kg, durante 4 meses de acompañamiento. Se registraron 92 lesiones, lo que representa una prevalencia de 29,68%. La parte del cuerpo que tuvo lesiones más frecuentes fueron los miembros inferiores (86,9%). Los principales tipos de lesión fueron rotura/distensión muscular (37,0%), esguince/ligamento (19,6%) y otras lesiones (14,1%). Las lesiones fueron causadas principalmente durante carrera/sprint (33,7%), puntapié (12,0%) y salto/aterrizaje (6,5%). La incidencia de lesiones fue de 15,88 ± 8,57, 2,04 ± 1,09 y 3,65 ± 1,50 lesiones/1000 horas de exposición durante partidos, entrenamientos y partidos/entrenamientos, respectivamente. El tiempo de alejamiento en la temporada varió de 1 a 50 días, y la gravedad de las lesiones fue la siguiente: leve (25%), menor (22,8%), moderada (43,5%) y grave (8,7%). Conclusión: El presente estudio sugiere que existe mayor incidencia de lesiones durante los partidos en comparación con los entrenamientos entre jugadores del sexo masculino en campeonatos regionales de fútbol. Los miembros inferiores son la región más acometida, con mayor prevalencia de rotura/distensión en la región del muslo durante la carrera/sprint. Nivel de evidencia II, Estudio de cohorte prospectivo .

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: A mortalidade relacionada ao HIV ainda é alta, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar os fatores associados ao óbito em pacientes com HIV. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal com todos os pacientes com HIV admitidos consecutivamente em um hospital terciário de doenças infecciosas em Fortaleza, Nordeste do Brasil, entre janeiro de 2013 e dezembro de 2014. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: sobreviventes e não sobreviventes. Dados demográficos, clínicos e laboratoriais foram comparados e análise de regressão logística foi feita para investigação dos fatores de risco para óbito. RESULTADOS: Um total de 200 pacientes, com média de idade de 39 anos, foi incluído no estudo, sendo 69,5% do sexo masculino. Óbito ocorreu em 15 pacientes (7,5%). Os não sobreviventes apresentaram maior percentual de homens (93,3 vs. 67,3%, p = 0,037) e um menor tempo de internação (8 ± 6 vs. 18 ± 15 dias, p = 0,005). Na análise multivariada, desorientação (p = 0,035, OR = 5,523), dispneia (p = 0,046, OR = 4,064), LRA (p < 0,001, OR = 18,045), histoplasmose disseminada (p = 0,016, OR = 12,696) e desidrogenase lática (LDH) > 1.000 U/L (p = 0,038, OR = 4,854) foram fatores de risco para óbito. CONCLUSÕES: LRA e histoplasmose disseminada foram os principais fatores de risco para óbito na população estudada. Distúrbios neurológicos e respiratórios, bem como níveis elevados de LDH, também estiveram associados com o aumento da mortalidade em pacientes com HIV.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: HIV-related mortality is still high, especially in developed countries. The aim of this study is to investigate factors associated to death in HIV-infected patients. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with all HIV adult patients admitted to a tertiary infectious diseases hospital in Fortaleza, Northeast Brazil, from January 2013 to December 2014. Patients were divided into two groups: survivors and non-survivors. Demo-graphical, clinical and laboratory data were compared and a logistic regression was performed in order to investigate risk factors for death. P values ≤0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 200 patients with mean age of 39 years were including in the study, 69.5% males. Fifteen patients (7.5%) died. Non-survivors presented a higher percentage of males (93.3 vs. 67.3%, p = 0.037). Non-survivors presented AKI (73.3 vs. 10.3%, p < 0.001), liver dysfunction (33.3 vs. 11.5, p = 0.031), dyspnea (73.3 vs. 33.0%, p = 0.002) and disorientation (33.3 vs. 12.4%, p = 0.025) more frequently. Non-survivors also had higher levels of urea (73.8 ± 52.7vs. 36.1 ± 29.1 mg/dL, p < 0.001), creatinine (1.98 ± 1.65 vs. 1.05 ± 1.07 mg/dL, p < 0.001), aspartate aminotransferase (130.8 vs. 84.8 U/L, p = 0.03), alanine aminotransferase (115.6 vs. 85.4 U/L, p = 0.045) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (1208 vs. 608 U/L, p = 0.012), as well as lower levels of bicarbonate (18.0 ± 4.7 vs. 21.6 ± 4.6 mEq/L, p = 0.016) and PCO2 (27.8 ± 7.7 vs. 33.0 ± 9.3 mmHg, p = 0.05). In multivariate analysis, disorientation (p = 0.035, OR = 5.523, 95%CI = 1.130 – 26.998), dyspnoea (p = 0.046, OR = 4.064, 95%CI = 1.028 – 16.073), AKI (p < 0.001, OR = 18.045, 95%CI = 4.308 – 75.596) and disseminated histoplasmosis (p = 0.016, OR = 12.696, 95%CI = 1.618 – 99.646) and LDH > 1000 U/L (p = 0.038, OR = 4.854, 95%CI = 1.093 – 21.739) were risk factors for death.]CONCLUSION: AKI and disseminated histoplasmosis (DH) were the main risk factors for death in the studied population. Neurologic and respiratory impairment as well as higher levels of LDH also increased mortality in HIV-infected patients.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar dados clínicos e laboratoriais, bem como ocorrência de lesão renal aguda (LRA), em crianças HIV positivas com e sem uso de terapia antirretroviral altamente ativa (TARV) antes da admissão. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo em pacientes pediátricos HIV positivos (< 16 anos). Foram comparadas as crianças que estavam em uso com aquelas sem uso de TARV prévia à internação. Resultados: Foram incluídos 63 pacientes, com média de 5,3 ± 4,27 anos, 55,6% do sexo feminino. LRA foi encontrada em 33 casos (52,3%). Os pacientes que usavam TARV apresentaram menores níveis de potássio (3,9 ± 0,8 vs. 4,5 ± 0,7 mEq/L, p = 0,019) e bicarbonato (19,1 ± 4,9 vs. 23,5 ± 2,2 mEq/L, p = 0,013), bem como maior taxa de filtração glomerular estimada (102,2 ± 36,7 vs. 77,0 ± 32,8 mL/min/1,73m2, p = 0,011), do que o pacientes sem TARV prévia. Na análise multivariada o uso de TARV prévia à internação foi fator protetor contra LRA (p = 0,036; RC = 0,30; IC de 95% = 0,097-0,926). Conclusão: A LRA é uma complicação comum da infecção pediátrica pelo HIV. O uso de TARV antes da internação foi associado a melhor taxa de filtração glomerular e foi fator de proteção contra LRA, porém desencadeou efeitos colaterais como hipocalemia e acidose metabólica.

Abstract Objective: To assess clinical and laboratory data, and acute kidney injury (AKI) in HIV-infected children using and not using highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) prior to admission. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted with HIV-infected pediatric patients (<16 years). Children who were using and not using HAART prior to admission were compared. Results: Sixty-three patients were included. Mean age was 5.3 ± 4.27 years; 55.6% were females. AKI was observed in 33 (52.3%) children. Patients on HAART presented lower levels of potassium (3.9 ± 0.8 vs. 4.5 ± 0.7 mEq/L, p = 0.019) and bicarbonate (19.1 ± 4.9 vs. 23.5 ± 2.2 mEq/L, p = 0.013) and had a higher estimated glomerular filtration rate (102.2 ± 36.7 vs. 77.0 ± 32.8 mL/min/1.73 m2, p = 0.011) than those not on HAART. In the multivariate analysis, the use of HAART prior to the admission was a protective factor for AKI (p = 0.036; OR = 0.30; 95% CI = 0.097-0.926). Conclusion: AKI is a common complication of pediatric HIV infection. Use of HAART prior to the admission preserved glomerular filtration and was a protective factor for AKI, but increased medication side effects, such as hypokalemia and renal metabolic acidosis.

SUMMARY Background: The aim of this study is to describe clinical characteristics, outcomes and risk factors for death among patients with HIV-related acute kidney injury (AKI) admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: A retrospective study was conducted with HIV-infected AKI patients admitted to the ICU of an infectious diseases hospital in Fortaleza, Brazil. All the patients with confirmed diagnosis of HIV and AKI admitted from January 2004 to December 2011 were included. A comparison between survivors and non-survivors was performed. Risk factors for death were investigated. Results: Among 256 AKI patients admitted to the ICU in the study period, 73 were identified as HIV-infected, with a predominance of male patients (83.6%), and the mean age was 41.2 ± 10.4 years. Non-survivor patients presented higher APACHE II scores (61.4 ± 19 vs. 38.6 ± 18, p = 0.004), used more vasoconstrictors (70.9 vs. 37.5%, p = 0.02) and needed more mechanical ventilation - MV (81.1 vs. 35.3%, p = 0.001). There were 55 deaths (75.3%), most of them (53.4%) due to septic shock. Independent risk factors for mortality were septic shock (OR = 14.2, 95% CI = 2.0-96.9, p = 0.007) and respiratory insufficiency with need of MV (OR = 27.6, 95% CI = 5.0-153.0, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Non-survivor HIV-infected patients with AKI admitted to the ICU presented higher severity APACHE II scores, more respiratory damage and hemodynamic impairment than survivors. Septic shock and respiratory insufficiency were independently associated to death.

OBJETIVO: O indicador de tempo de permanência hospitalar (TPH) permite avaliar a eficiência de uma determinada unidade hospitalar e serve como base para mensurar o número de leitos necessários para o atendimento da população de uma área específica. MÉTODOS: Levantamento retrospectivo de um banco de dados de 3010 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM) de julho de 2009 a julho de 2010. RESULTADOS: Dos 2840 pacientes com critérios de inclusão, 92,1% tinham como fonte pagadora o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e 7,9% eram de convênios e particulares (Não SUS); 70,2% eram do sexo masculino, a média de idade foi de 61,9 anos e a média do escore de risco (EuroSCORE) foi de 2,9%. Os grupos SUS e Não SUS não diferiram no tempo de espera pré-cirurgia (2,59±3,10 dias vs. 3,02±3,70 dias para os grupos SUS e não SUS, respectivamente; p = 0,790), mas diferiram nos tempos de terapia intensiva (2,17±3,84 vs. 2,52±2,72 dias para os grupos SUS e não SUS, respectivamente; p < 0,001), de pós-operatório (8,34±10,32 vs. 9,19 + 6,97 dias para os grupos SUS e não SUS, respectivamente; p < 0,001) e de permanência hospitalar total (10,93±11,08 vs. 12,21±8,20 dias para os grupos SUS e não SUS, respectivamente; p < 0.001). O grupo Não SUS teve mais cirurgia não eletiva (p = 0,002) e mais cirurgia sem circulação extracorpórea (p = 0,012). Os grupos não diferiram em relação a procedimento valvar associado (p = 0,057) e a outros procedimentos não valvulares (p = 0,053), mas diferiram nos procedimentos não cardíacos associados (p = 0,017). As taxas de readmissão na UTI (p = 0,636) e de complicações pós-operatórias foram semelhantes entre os grupos (p = 0,055). CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes do grupo Não SUS tiveram tempos de permanência hospitalar maiores que o grupo SUS.

OBJECTIVE: The length of hospital stay (LOS) allows for the evaluation of the efficiency of a given hospital facility, as well as providing a basis for measuring the number of hospital beds required to provide assistance to the population in a specific area. METHODS: A retrospective survey was conducted on a database of 3,010 patients submitted to coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) from July, 2009 to July, 2010. RESULTS: Among 2,840 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 92.1% had their surgery paid by the Brazilian Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS) and 7.9% by health plans or themselves (non-SUS). 70.2% were male, the average age was 61.9 years old, and the average risk score (EuroScore) was 2.9%. The SUS and the non-SUS groups did not differ regarding the waiting time for surgery (WTS) (2.59± 3.10 vs. 3,02±3,70 days for SUS and non-SUS respectively; p = 0.790), but did differ with respect to the length of stay in intensive care unit (2.17±3.84 vs. 2.52±2.72 days for SUS and non-SUS respectively; p < 0.001), the postoperative period (8.34±10.32 vs. 9,19±6.97 days for SUS and non-SUS respectively; p < 0.001), and the total LOS (10.93±11.08 vs. 12.21±8.20 days for SUS and non-SUS respectively; p < 0.001). The non-SUS group had more events of non-elective surgery (p = 0.002) and surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass (p = 0.012). The groups did not differ regarding the associated valve procedure (p = 0.057) nor other non-valve procedures (p = 0.053), but they did differ with respect to associated non-cardiac procedures (p = 0.017). ICU readmission (p = 0.636) and postoperative complications rates were similar in both groups (p = 0.055). CONCLUSION: The Non-SUS group showed longer LOS compared to the SUS group.